Результаты исследований обучающихся в проекте Cinema, Music and Literature
Содержание
Авторы и участники проекта
- Рогачёва Анна
- Чернышева Светлана
- Участники группы "Историки"
Тема исследования группы
Развитие кино, музыки и литературы.
The development of cinema, music and literature.
Проблемный вопрос (вопрос для исследования)
Как развивались данные виды искусства?
How were these forms of art developing?
Гипотеза исследования
Мы считаем, что данные виды искусства (кино, музыка и литература) прошли в своём развтии определённое количество стадий. Кроме того, кино явлется новейшим видом искусства, следовательно, мы считаем, что оно развивалось гораздо быстрее, чем музыка или литература, которые существуют уже долгое время.
Цели исследования
- Изучить ход развития музыки, литературы и кино;
- Определить их взаимосвязть и влияние друг на друга;
- Выявить различия и сходства в развитии данных форм искусства.
Результаты проведённого исследования
We can single out certain periods in the literature development:
1. Ancient and Classics
Some of humanity's first writings are of ancient literature, including Greek and Roman writers like Homer.
2. Medieval and Renaissance
The Middle Ages may have saw a decline in the number of literate people, but that did not mean that literature disappeared. Beowulf, The Song of Roland, and The Canterbury Tales were written during this period from 600-1300 AD. With the arrival of the Renaissance, some of literature's great minds made their appearances, from Shakespeare to Milton.
3. Enlightenment and Romantic
A great deal of Enlightenment literature focused on the necessities of life to attempts to share knowledge in pre-Revolutionary France. As a counterpoint to this approach of writing to inform, the Romantics emerged. Their topics ranged widely, from Frankenstein to the Transcendentalist writings. While the Enlightenment had ended around 1800 with the collapse of the French Republic into an Empire, Romanticism would last until the last years of the pre-Civil War era.
4. Victorian and Realism
At about the same time as the Romantics, the Victorians challenged the ideals of their restrictive time. Most famous among the Victorian authors are Charles Dickens and Jane Austen, but names from the Bronte sisters to Lord Tennyson make this a prime time for English literature. At about the same time, Realism and Existentialism took off, which moved more philosophical writings directly into the sphere of literature. Russian authors like Dostoyevsky and Chekhov thrived during this period. In the later 19th century, Romanticism is countered by Realism and Naturalism. The late 19th century, known as the Belle Époque, with its Fin de siècle retrospectively appeared as a "golden age" of European culture, cut short by the outbreak of World War I in 1914.
5. 20th century
The main periods of 20th century literature are captured in the bipartite division, Modernist literature and Postmodern literature, flowering from roughly 1900 to 1940 and 1945 to 1980 respectively, divided, as a rule of thumb, by World War II. Popular literature develops its own genres such as fantasy and science fiction.
Music
Influences from the west to the east merged into the pre-Christian music of the Greeks and later the Romans. Musical practices and conventions perhaps conveyed by travelling musicians brought a wealth of diversity and invention. Across Europe from the early part of the first century, the monasteries and abbeys became the places where music became embedded into the lives of those devoted to God and their followers. Sacred music. As we move forward in musical time, we begin to enter the Medieval Period of music. By this time music was a dominant art in taverns to cathedrals, practised by kings to paupers alike. Throughout the Medieval period, the music slowly began to adopt ever more elaborate structures and devices that produced works of immense beauty and devotion. It’s wonderfully polyphonic form is both mesmerising and delightful. The Troubadours and the Trouveres – travelling storytellers and musicians – covered vast distances on their journeys across Europe and further afield into Asia. They told stories, sung ballads and perhaps most importantly, brought with them influences from far and wide that seamlessly blended with the western musical cultures. The Renaissance was a golden period in music history. Freed from the constraints of Medieval musical conventions the composers of the Renaissance forged a new way forward. As instrumental pieces became accepted into the repertoire, we find the development of instruments like the bassoon and the trombone giving rise to larger and more elaborate instrumental groupings. This gave composers far more scope to explore and express their creative ideas than before. The Baroque Period, houses some of the most famous composers and pieces that we have in Western Classical Music. It also sees some of the most important musical and instrumental developments. Italy, Germany, England and France continue from the Renaissance to dominate the musical landscape, each influencing the other with conventions and style.Instrumental music was composed and performed in tandem with vocal works, each of equal importance in the Baroque. Classical Period: One key development is that of the Piano. The Baroque harpsichord is replaced by the early piano which was a more reliable and expressive instrument. Chamber music alongside orchestral music was a feature of the Classical Era with particular attention drawn towards the String Quartet. The Romantic era saw huge developments in the quality and range of many instruments that naturally encouraged ever more expressive and diverse music from the composers. Musical forms like the Romantic orchestra became expansive landscapes where composers gave full and unbridled reign to their deepest emotions and dreams.
Cinema
Cinematography is the illusion of movement by the recording and subsequent rapid projection of many still photographic pictures on a screen. A product of 19th century scientific endeavour, it has, over the past century, become an industry employing many thousands of people and a medium of mass entertainment and communication.
EARLY CINEMA
No one person invented cinema. However, in 1891 the Edison Company in the USA successfully demonstrated a prototype of the Kinetoscope, which enabled one person at a time to view moving pictures. The first to present projected moving pictures to a paying audience (i.e. cinema) were the Lumière brothers in December 1895 in Paris. At first, films were very short, sometimes only a few minutes or less. They were shown at fairgrounds and music halls or anywhere a screen could be set up and a room darkened. Subjects included local scenes and activities, views of foreign lands, short comedies and events considered newsworthy. The films were accompanied by lecturers, music and a lot of audience participation—although they did not have synchronised dialogue, they were not ‘silent’ as they are sometimes described.
THE RISE OF THE FILM INDUSTRY
By 1914, several national film industries were established. Europe, Russia and Scandinavia were as important as America. Films became longer, and storytelling, or narrative, became the dominant form.
As more people paid to see movies, the industry which grew around them was prepared to invest more money in their production, distribution and exhibition, so large studios were established and special cinemas built. The First World War greatly limited the film industry in Europe, and the American industry grew in relative importance. The first 30 years of cinema were characterised by the growth and consolidation of an industrial base, the establishment of the narrative form, and refinement of technology.
ADDING COLOUR
Colour was first added to black-and-white movies through tinting, toning and stencilling. By 1906, the principles of colour separation were used to produce so-called ‘natural colour’ moving images with the British Kinemacolor process, first presented to the public in 1909. The early Technicolor processes from 1915 onwards were cumbersome and expensive, and colour was not used more widely until the introduction of its three-colour process in 1932.
ADDING SOUND
The first attempts to add synchronised sound to projected pictures used phonographic cylinders or discs. The first feature-length movie incorporating synchronised dialogue, The Jazz Singer (USA, 1927), used the Warner Brothers’ Vitaphone system, which employed a separate record disc with each reel of film for the sound. This system proved unreliable and was soon replaced by an optical, variable density soundtrack recorded photographically along the edge of the film.
CINEMA’S GOLDEN AGE
By the early 1930s, nearly all feature-length movies were presented with synchronised sound and, by the mid-1930s, some were in full colour too. The advent of sound secured the dominant role of the American industry and gave rise to the ‘Golden Age of Hollywood’. During the 1930s and 1940s, cinema was the principal form of popular entertainment, with people often attending cinemas twice weekly. In Britain the highest attendances occurred in 1946, with over 31 million visits to the cinema each week.
THE ASPECT RATIO
Thomas Edison had used perforated 35mm film in the Kinetoscope, and in 1909 this was adopted as the industry standard. The picture had a height-to-width relationship—known as the aspect ratio—of 3:4 or 1:1.33. With the advent of optical sound, the aspect ratio was adjusted to 1.37:1. Although there were many experiments with other formats, there were no major changes in screen ratios until the 1950s.
COMPETING WITH TELEVISION
The introduction of television in America prompted a number of technical experiments designed to maintain public interest in cinema. In 1952, the Cinerama process, using three projectors and a wide, deeply curved screen together with multi-track surround sound, was premiered. It gave audiences a sense of greater involvement and proved extremely popular. However, it was technically cumbersome, and widescreen cinema did not begin to be extensively used until the introduction of CinemaScope in 1953 and Todd-AO in 1955, both of which used single projectors. CinemaScope had optically squeezed images on 35mm film which were expanded laterally by the projector lens to fit the width of the screen; Todd-AO used film 70mm wide. By the end of the 1950s, the shape of the cinema screen had effectively changed, with aspect ratios of either 1:2.35 or 1:1.66 becoming standard. Specialist large-screen systems using 70mm film have also been developed. The most successful of these has been IMAX, which today has more than 1,000 screens worldwide. For many years IMAX cinemas have showed films specially made in its unique 2D or 3D formats, but they are increasingly showing versions of popular feature films which have been digitally remastered in the IMAX format, often with additional scenes or 3D effects. Stereo sound, which had been experimented with in the 1940s, also became part of the new widescreen experience.
CINEMA MAKES A COMEBACK
While cinemas had some success in fighting the competition of television, they never regained the position and influence they once held, and over the next 30 years audiences dwindled. By 1984 cinema attendances in Britain had sunk to one million a week. Since then, however, that figure has nearly trebled with the growth of out-of-town multiplex cinemas following the building of the first British multiplex at Milton Keynes in 1985. Although America still appears to be the most influential film industry, the reality is more complex. Many films are produced internationally—either made in various countries or financed by multinational companies that have interests across range of media. Today, most people see films on television (whether terrestrial or satellite or on video of some kind) and we are also moving towards a web-based means of delivery. WHAT’S NEXT? In the past 20 years, film production has been profoundly altered by the impact of rapidly improving digital technology. Though productions may still be shot on film (and even this is becoming less commonplace) most subsequent processes, such as editing and special effects, are undertaken on computers before the final images are transferred back to film. The need for this final transfer is diminishing as more cinemas invest in digital projection which is capable of producing screen images that rival the sharpness, detail and brightness of traditional film projection. In the past few years there has been a revival of interest in 3D features, both animated and live action, sparked by the availability of digital technology. Whether this will be more than a short-term phenomenon (as previous attempts at 3D in the 1950s and 1980s had been) remains to be seen.
Вывод
This overview has provided examples of the shifting perceptions and definitions of art across time. The first part demonstrated the changing role of the artist and diverse types of art in the medieval and Renaissance periods. The second part outlined the evaluation of art in the academies, issues of style, and changes to patronage, where art and its consumption became increasingly part of the public sphere during the period 1600 to 1850. The last part addressed the way in which artists broke from conventions and the influence of globalisation on art production, in the period 1850 to the present.
Полезные ресурсы
1.Movements & Periods in World Literature
