Участник:FriederikeHallowell486

Phrygia germinated an advanced Bronze Age culture.

The earliest  heritage of  Grecian  music  produced by  Phrygia,  conveyed  through the Greek colonies  in Anatolia, and included the Phrygian mode, which was  regarded to be the warlike mode in ancient Greek music. Phrygian Midas, the king of the "golden touch", was tutored in music by Orpheus himself,  harmonizing  to the myth. Another musical invention that came from Phrygia was the aulos, a reed instrument  with two pipes. Marsyas, the satyr who first  organised the instrument using the hollowed antler of a stag, was a Phrygian follower of Cybele. He unwisely competed in music with the Olympian Apollo and  needs lost, whereupon Apollo flayed Marsyas alive and provocatively hung his skin on Cybele's own sacred tree, a pine. script of the phrygians is attested fragmentarily, known only from a  relatively small corpus of inscriptions. A few hundred Phrygian words are attested; however, the meaning  and etymologies of many of these remain unknown. The apparent similarity of the Phrygian language to Greek and its  unsimilarity with the Anatolian languages spoken by most of their neighbors is also taken as support for a European origin  of the Phrygians.

Language of the akkadians was certified in Sumerian texts in proper noun from the late 29th centuries BC. From the second half of the third millennium BC (circa 2600-2500 BC), texts fully written in Akkadian begin to appear. Hundreds of thousands of texts and text fragments have been excavated up to now; covering a vast textual tradition of mythological narrative, legal texts, scientific works, correspondence, political and military events, and many other instances. By the second millennium BC, two variant forms of the language were in use in Assyria and Babylonia (known as Assyrian and Babylonian respectively). Within the Near Eastern Semitic languages, Akkadian forms an East Semitic subgroup (with Eblaite). This group distinguishes itself from the Northwest and South Semitic languages by its SOV word order, while the other Semitic languages commonly have either a VSO or SVO order. This novel word order is due to the influence of the Sumerian substratum , which has an SOV order.

The Etruscan language was talked and written by the Etruscan civilization, in what is present day Italian Republic , in the ancient region of Etruria (modern Toscana plus western Umbria and northern Latium) and in parts of Lombardy, Veneto, and Emilia Romagna (where the Etruscans were displaced by Gauls). Etruscan was replaced completely by Latin, leaving only a few paperses and some loanwords in Latin, such as persona (from Etruscan ersu), and some place-names, such as Roma. Etruscan language is known mainly from epigraphic records originating in the Tuscan area and dating from the 7th century bc to the first years of the Christian Era. There are some 10,000 of these inscriptions, mainly brief and repetitive epitaphs or dedicatory formulas, as well as votive or owners letterings on pictures in tombs and going with engraved forms on small artefacts such as metal mirrors. There are, however, some noteworthy exceptions to the general brevity of the letterings, and there are significant differences in their origins. The longest single text, of 281 lines (about 1,300 words), now in the National Museum at Zagreb, is written on a roll of linen that had been cut into strips and used in Egypt as a wrapping for a mummy; a clay pad found at Capua contains some 250 words; a stone piece from Perugia has two adjacent sides elegantly engraved with an inscription of 46 lines (some 125 words); a bronze model of a liver found at Piacenza, which probably corresponds the Etruscan microcosm in a form used for direction in fortune telling, has some 45 words; and a heavy rectangular block found on the island of Lemnos in the northern Aegean has an engraving of what is probably a warrior with one inscription of perhaps 18 words surrounding the head and another of 16 words in three lines on an adjacent side. In 1964 two inscriptions on gold tablets, one in Phoenician and the other in Etruscan, were excavated at Pyrgi. The Etruscan language has been difficult to examine , due to its being an sequester . Bonfante, a leading student in the field, says"... it resembles no other language in Europe or elsewhere..." The ancients were aware that Etruscan was an isolate. In the 1st century BC, the Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus stated that the Etruscan language was unlike any other .